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Micron Document

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<title>Regular script</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Regular script</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kaiti" redirects here. For the suburb of Gisborne, New Zealand, see <a href="Kaiti%2C_New_Zealand" title="Kaiti, New Zealand">Kaiti, New Zealand</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kaishu" redirects here. For the city in North Korea, see <a href="Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kaisho" redirects here. For the sumo wrestler, see <a href="Kaish%C5%8D_Asaki" title="Kaishō Asaki">Kaishō Asaki</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:mistyrose;">Regular script<br><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd century</span> – present</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a><ul><li><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small seal script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Regular script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data">

<ul><li><a href="Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming typefaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf">U+4E00–U+9FFF</a> <span class="nowrap">CJK Unified Ideographs</span> <span class="nowrap">(most common)</span></li><li><i>(<a href="CJK_Unified_Ideographs#CJK_Unified_Ideographs_blocks" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">full list</a>)</i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Regular script</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Kaishu" written in <a href="Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">traditional</a> (left) and <a href="Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified</a> (right) forms</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">楷書</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">楷书</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">model script</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">kǎishū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>kʻai<sup>3</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kaái syū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kaai2 syu1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kai2 xu1</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">真書</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">真书</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">real script</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhēnshū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>chên<sup>1</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jān syū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zan1 syu1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zen1 xu1</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Second alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">正楷</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">correct model</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhèngkǎi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>chêng<sup>4</sup>-k'ai<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jing kaái</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zing3 kaai2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jing3 kai2</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Third alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">楷體</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">楷体</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">model form</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">kǎitǐ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>k'ai<sup>3</sup>-t'i<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kaái tái</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kaai2 tai2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">kai2 tei2</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Fourth alternative Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">正書</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">正书</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">correct script</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhèngshū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>chêng<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jing syū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zing3 syu1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Canton Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jing3 xu1</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Vietnamese-language text"><div lang="vi"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>khải thư</li><li>chữ khải</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Hán-Nôm">Hán-Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div title="Vietnamese-language text"><div lang="vi-Hani"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>楷書</li><li>𡨸楷</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">楷書</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">かいしょ</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Kaisho</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p>The <b>regular script</b><sup id="cite_ref-names_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-names-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the newest of the major <a href="Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">Chinese script styles</a>, emerging during the <a href="Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230 CE</span>, and stylistically mature by the 7th century. It is the most common style used in modern text. In its traditional form it is the third-most common in publishing after the <a href="Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming</a> and <a href="East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Gothic</a> types used exclusively in print.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The <i>Xuanhe Calligraphy Manual</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">宣和書譜</span>) credits Wang Cizhong with creating the regular script, based on the <a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">clerical script</a> of the early <a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BCE – 220 CE). It became popular during the <a href="Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> and Three Kingdoms periods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu2000143_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2000143-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="Zhong_Yao" title="Zhong Yao">Zhong Yao</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 151</span> – 230 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu2000142_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2000142-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a calligrapher in the state of <a href="Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> (220–266), being credited as its first master, known as the father of regular script. His famous works include the <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xuanshi biao</span></i> (<span lang="zh">宣示表</span>), <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jianjizhi biao</span></i> (<span lang="zh">薦季直表</span>), and <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Liming biao</span></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">力命表</span>). Palaeographer <a href="Qiu_Xigui" title="Qiu Xigui">Qiu Xigui</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu2000143_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2000143-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the script in <i>Xuanshi biao</i> as:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...clearly emerging from the womb of early period semi-cursive script. If one were to write the tidily written variety of early period semi-cursive script in a more dignified fashion and were to use consistently the pause technique [(<span lang="zh">頓</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dùn</span></i>)], used to reinforce the beginning or ending of a stroke when ending horizontal strokes, a practice which already appears in early period semi-cursive script, and further were to make use of right-falling strokes with thick feet, the result would be a style of calligraphy like that in the "Xuān shì biǎo".</p></blockquote>

<p>However, very few wrote in this script at the time other than a few literati; most continued writing in the neo-clerical script, or a hybrid form of semi-cursive and neo-clerical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu2000143_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2000143-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regular script did not become dominant until the 5th century during the early <a href="Northern_and_Southern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern and Southern period">Northern and Southern period</a> (420–589); there was a variety of the regular script which emerged from neo-clerical as well as regular scripts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu2000146_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2000146-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as '<a href="Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Wei</a> regular' (<span lang="zh-Hant">魏楷</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wèikǎi</span></i>) or 'Wei stele' (<span lang="zh-Hant">魏碑</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wèibēi</span></i>). Thus, the regular script is descended both from the early semi-cursive style as well as from the neo-clerical script.

</p><p>The script is considered to have become stylistically mature during the <a href="Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907), with the most famous and oft-imitated calligraphers of that period being the early Tang's Four Great Calligraphers (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">初唐四大家</span></span>): <a href="Ouyang_Xun" title="Ouyang Xun">Ouyang Xun</a>, <a href="Yu_Shinan" title="Yu Shinan">Yu Shinan</a>, <a href="Chu_Suiliang" title="Chu Suiliang">Chu Suiliang</a>, and <a href="Xue_Ji" title="Xue Ji">Xue Ji</a>, as well as the tandem of <a href="Yan_Zhenqing" title="Yan Zhenqing">Yan Zhenqing</a> and <a href="Liu_Gongquan" title="Liu Gongquan">Liu Gongquan</a>.

</p><p>During the <a href="Northern_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song">Northern Song</a> (960–1127), <a href="Emperor_Huizong_of_Song" title="Emperor Huizong of Song">Emperor Huizong</a> created an iconic style known as 'slender gold' (<span lang="zh">瘦金體</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shòujīntǐ</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), <a href="Zhao_Mengfu" title="Zhao Mengfu">Zhao Mengfu</a> (1254–1322) also became known for his own calligraphic style for the regular script, called <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhaoti</span></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">趙體</span>).

</p><p>92 rules governing the fundamental structure of regular script were established during the <a href="Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912); the calligrapher Huang Ziyuan wrote a guidebook illustrating these rules, with four characters provided as an example for each.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Eight_Principles_of_Yong" title="Eight Principles of Yong">Eight Principles of <i>Yong</i></a> encapsulate varieties of most strokes that appear in the regular script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200965_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200965-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular script characters with dimensions larger than 5 cm (2 in) are usually classified as 'large' (<span lang="zh">大楷</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">dàkǎi</span></i>); those smaller than 2 cm (0.8 in) are usually classified as 'small' (<span lang="zh">小楷</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">xiǎokǎi</span></i>), and those in between are 'medium' (<span lang="zh">中楷</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhōngkǎi</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi200931_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi200931-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Notable works written in regular script include the Northern and Southern-era <i>Records of Yao Boduo Sculpturing</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">姚伯多造像記</span></span>) and <i>Tablet of General Guangwu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">廣武將軍碑</span></span>), the Sui-era <i>Tablet of Longzang Temple</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龍藏寺碑</span></span>), <i>Tombstone Record of Sui Xiaoci</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蘇孝慈墓誌</span></span>), and <i>Tombstone Record of Beauty Tong</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">董美人墓誌</span></span>), and the Tang-era <i>Sweet Spring at Jiucheng Palace</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">九成宮醴泉銘</span></span>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivative_styles">Derivative styles</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a> typefaces are based on a printed style which developed during the <a href="Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (970–1279)</li>

<li>The most common printed typeface styles, <a href="Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming</a> and <a href="East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">sans-serif</a>, are based on Fangsong</li>

<li>Japanese textbook typefaces (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">教科書体</span></span>; <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kyōkashotai</i></span>) are based on regular script, but modified so that they appear to be written with a pencil or pen. They also follow the <i><a href="J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">jōyō kanji</a></i> character forms.</li>

<li>The <a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> semi-syllabograms are nearly always written using regular script strokes.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_typefaces">Computer typefaces</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_CJK_fonts#Regular_script" title="List of CJK fonts">List of CJK fonts § Regular script</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Xuanshi Biao</i> by <a href="Zhong_Yao" title="Zhong Yao">Zhong Yao</a>, written during the early transition from <a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">clerical script</a> to regular script</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> <i>Sheng Jiao Xu</i> by Chu Suiliang,<sup id="cite_ref-shengjiaoxu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shengjiaoxu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an example of regular script</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-names-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-names_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regular script is referred to by several related names in Chinese, including <span lang="zh-Hant">楷書</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">楷书</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">kǎishū</span></i>, <span lang="zh">正楷</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhèngkǎi</span></i>, <span lang="zh-Hant">真書</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">真书</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhēnshū</span></i>, <span lang="zh-Hant">楷體</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">楷体</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">kǎitǐ</span></i>, and <span lang="zh-Hant">正書</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">正书</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhèngshū</span></i>. It is sometimes called <i>block script</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGao200941_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao200941-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>standard script</i>, or <i>square style</i> in English.</span>

</li>

<p><span title="Literary Chinese-language text"><span lang="lzh">其數然而天地苞<br>

乎陰陽而易識者<br>

以其有象也陰陽<br>

處乎天地而難窮</span></span>

</p>

</div></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiasociety.org/education/chinese-writing">"Chinese Writing"</a>, <i>Asia Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-01</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Huizong">"Huizong"</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, 2024</cite></span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFGao2009" class="citation cs2">Gao, James Zheng (2009), <i>Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949)</i>, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-810-84930-3</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLi2009" class="citation cs2">Li, Wendan (2009), <i>Chinese Writing and Calligraphy</i>, Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8248-3364-0</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFQiu2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="Qiu_Xigui" title="Qiu Xigui">Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭)</a> (2000) [1988], <i>Chinese Writing</i>, translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55729-071-7</bdi></cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_script_styles57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chinese_script_styles57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">Chinese script styles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handwritten scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">甲骨文</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金文</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">篆書</span></span></span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大篆</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小篆</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">隸書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">行書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">草書</span></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Typeface" title="Typeface">Typefaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Derived_from_regular_script27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived from regular script</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">仿宋體</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Gothic</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黑體</span></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_systems125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Graphemes</a></li>

<li><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts in Unicode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li>

<li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li>

<li><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li>

<li><a href="Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogrammic</a></li>

<li><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-13" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Regular_script&oldid=1290196183">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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